Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in
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    Heredity and Evolution
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    Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationships.

    Fossils are any impressions or imprint left by some previous organism in the soft mud which subsequently hardened or the moulds and casts of entire organisms which became preserved. Fossils tell about the organisms that lived long ago. They tell about the structure of such organisms and the time period during which they lived. The fossils found in upper strata of rocks are considered to be newer than those found in the lower strata. It is also seen from the fossils that the organisms become more complex in the upper strata when compared to the lower strata which indicates towards the evolutionary process. Also transitional fossils like Archeopteryx are known which were intermediaries between reptiles and birds.
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    A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive? Why or why not?
    As the trait is expressed in all the children of such parents, the parents are homozygous for light eye colour. However, it cannot be concluded whether the light eye colour is dominant or recessive because both the dominant and the recessive character express themselves in the homozygous condition..
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    Explain the terms analogous and homologous organs with examples.

    Homologous organs: These are organs which perform different functions  but have similar structures and have a common ancestor. For example, a wing of a bat, flipper of a seal, front leg of a horse and arm of a man perform different functions but have the same structural plan.
    Analogous organs: These are organs which have similar appearance and functions but very different structure and origin. For example, wings of a butterfly, of a bat and of a bird perform similar function of flying but are very different structurally and in origin.

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    How are the areas of study-evolution and classification-interlinked?
    Classification of organisms is based on relative similarities and differences among organisms. Resemblances in organisms are because they have arisen from a common ancestor and differences in them are due to adaptations to different types of environment. As the organisms can be graded in order of increasing complexity it indicates at the concept of evolution.
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    Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs.

    A black homozygous male is mated with a white homozygous female to give F1 generation. If the progeny in F1 generation has all black dogs then we can conclude that the dominant coat colour is black.

                  BB  bb
      b b
    B Bb (black) Bb (black)
    B Bb (black) Bb (black)
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